| 50-52, 251-52, 371-72, 378; and Anschluss, 10, 11, 15, 30, 152, 369, 375, 376; antidemocratic and fascist tendencies in, 18; change in ideas on government and constitution in, since 1918, 367-79; Christian character of authoritarian regime in, 251; civil war of 1934 in, 15, 20, 33, 371, 375; constitutional situation of 1848-1849, 126-38, 140, 143-46; and constitutional theory of Eötvös, 109-25, 139-40; core of constitutional problem of, 6, 192, 367-69; cycles of constitutions in, 139-46, 250-51, 255; economy of Republic, 16; educational system in, 25n58, 190; electoral reform in, 140; end of First Republic, 19; Eötvös on central problem of, 113-14, 123-25; establishment of "federal state" of, in 1934, 247, 252, 297; establishment of state in 1918-1920, 49, 51, 125, 147-59; First Republic as "undemocratic" under Güise of democracy, 33, 328; and growth to statehood, 49-54; Hitler's invasion of, 1; independence of, 375-76, 378; and Italian campaign of 1859, 140; militia movement in, 18, 33, 140, 159, 374, 379; monarchy in, 50, 51-52, 123, 126-38, 140, 142, 194, 198, 204-5; nationalities in, 114, 150, 196-98; political parties in, 16-21, 27-28, 34-35, 152, 156-57, 369-71, 373; "political style" in, 52; problems of, as national state, 6, 192, 367-69; proposal for separate peace after World War I, 11; provinces and establishment of state in 1918-1920, 154-57; Second Republic founding in 1945, 33; as small power, 47; Vormärz (1815-1848) in, 121; before World War I, 10-11; after World War I, 10-13 |
| 1848-1849, 126-38, 140, 143-46 Austrian constitutional transition (March 1933-May 1934): and adoption of Constitution of 1934, 236-37; and authority to issue reGülations, 230-31; chronology of, 372-74; and complete act of constitutional legislation, 246-48; constitutional court dismissed in 1933, 20, 35-36; and dismantling of constitutional court's powers of review over wartime economic decrees, 232; and Enabling Act of April 30, 1934, 236-46, 247, 247n20, 254-55, 313, 333, 355, 358; and Enabling Act of May 23, 1933, 232; and Federal ReGülation of April 24, 1934, 235-36, 246-47, 247n20; and government proclamation of May 1, 1934, issuing 1934 constitution, 246, 247-48; and "idea of legality, " 371-72; and issuance of Constitution of 1934, 235-36, 246-48; juristic problems of wartime economic decrees controversy, 224-26; legal continuity between Constitutions of 1920 and 1934, 236-37, 246; and legality and legitimacy issues, 213-23; and National Council's regular sessions stopped in 1933, 223, 236; possibilities of scientific evaluation of wartime economic decrees, 233-35; and pure theory of law, 231-32; and reconvening of National Council in 1934, 236; and reGülations praeter legem versus contra legem, 226-30; resignation of three presidents of National Council in 1933, 19 35; and wartime economic decrees, 223-35 |
| accountability of federal president and federal government, 349-50, 352-55; and administrative style in Austria, 252, 371-72; adoption of, 18; amendment of 1929, 18- 19, 33, 141, 159, 259, 262, 275, 340, 350; and authority to issue regulations, 230-31; basic rights in, 17, 141; constitutional court in, 17, 231-32, 232n16; debate by National Assembly on, 17; democratic nature of, 211, 251, 256, 276, 281, 369, 372; development of, 374-75; election of president in, 17, 19, 256, 3 50; emergency powers in 1929 amendment to, 340; federal chancellor in, 261-62; federal government's internal organization in, 261-62; and government as constitutional dictatorship, 340; Kelsen as "father" of, 13, 16- 17, 18; legal continuity between Constitution of 1934 and, 236-37, 246; models for, 16-17; National Council in, 224, 230, 235, 243, 245, 256, 261, 262, 265, 317, 327-28; negotiations on, 157-58; number of articles in, 21; parliament in, 17, 38, 281-82, 360; powers of president in, 19, 262; preamble of, 21, 149; provincial government in, 256, 266- 69; provisional federal government in, 265; report of constitutional committee on, 157-58; review of reGülations by federal court, 345, 346; and special constitutional committee, 17 |
| accountability of federal president and federal government, 349-56, 35in4; adoption of, by National Council, 236-45, 250; advisory chambers and Bundestag in, 296- 306, 2p6n22, 309-30; and anonymity of power, 2 51-5 2; approval of draft of, 21, 37; authoritarian character of generally, 22, 249-57, 338-39; on authority to issue regulations, 229-3 on 14; background on, 19-21, 235-36, 372-74; basic rights in, 22, 343; checks on emergency powers in, 338-56; and Christian character of Austrian authoritarian regime, 251; complete act of constitutional legislation for, 246- 48; and Constitutional Transition Act of 1934, 254-55, 258, 270, 272, 301, 302, 307, 333, 355; corporative councils in, 22; and cyclical nature of Austrian constitution, 250-51, 255; democratic and constitutional mechanisms in, 357-62; election of president in, 22, 257, 272-73; emergency powers of federal government and their control in, 253-54, 332-56; and Enabling Act of 1917, 21, 37, 141, 235-36, 333; and Enabling Act of April 30, 1934, 236-46, 247, 247n20, 254-55, 313, 333, 355, 358; and Ender, 21, 22; and establishment of Austria as "federal state, " 247, 252, 297; federal chancellor in, 263, 267, 270, 271, 273, 350; federal ministers in, 263, 264-65, 269, 273; federal president and federal government in, 22, 256-66, 258n1, 272-73, 310, 350-51; Federal Regulation of April 24, 1934, on, 235-36, 246-47, 247n20; and finance and accounting, 321-23, 322-23n4, 329-30, 331; government proclamation of May 1, 1934, issuing, 246, 247-48; government resolutions in, 263-64; issuance of, 235-36, 246- 48; legal continuity with previous constitution, 236-37, 246; legislative power and legislative agencies in, 254-55, 258, 259, 260-61, 266, 296-308; and liberal tradition, 47; municipal government in, 256, 257, 271-74; number of articles in, 21; organization of federal legislature, 312-14; overview of executive agencies and appointments in, 272-74; participation of agencies of federal legislature in federal legislation, 317-20; plebiscite or referendum in, 357-59; position of members of agencies of federal legislature, 314-17; preamble of, 21-22, 252, 297; provincial diets and municipal diets in, 306-8, 330-31, 334-35; provincial governor and provincial government in, 256, 266- 71, 273, 330-31; provisional federal government in, 265-66, 266n6; relationship between authoritarian chamber and the executive, 323- 30; relationship between the executive and provincial legislative institutions, 330-31; review of regulations by federal court, 344-49, 361-62; and rule of law, 253, 254, 359-62; systematics of, 253-54; term of office of federal legislature, 309-12; and treaties, 321; Voegelin's article on, 22, 367-79; Voegelin's criticisms of, 37-38 |
| chambers and Bundestag, 256, 258, 260-61, 296-306, 296n22, 309-30; authoritarian nature of, 317-18; cameral system of, 297-98; and delegates' personal immunity, 316; and disciplinary panel, 316-17 and emergency powers of federal government, 334-38; establishment procedures for, 298-306; and finance and accounting, 321-23, 322-23n4, 329-30, 331; function of, 317-18; historical development of, 150, 156; organization of federal legislature, 312-14; participation of agencies of, in federal legislation, 317-20; participation of, in federal executive, 320-23; position of members of agencies of federal legislature, 314- 17; provincial diets and municipal diets, 306-8, 330-31, 334-35; relationship between authoritarian chamber and the executive, 323- 30; relationship between the executive and provincial legislative institutions, 330-31; term of office of federal legislature, 303-6; and treaties, 320-21. See also Bundestag |
| definition of, 58; Dollfuss on, 31, 102-3, 376; meaning of, as "originating" or "creative, " 101; Renan on, 293; Sontheimer on, 28; as symbol, 2, 27-28, 32, 58, 105-6. See also Authoritarian state; Authority Authoritarian state: and anonymity of power, 251-52; compared with duumvirate, 260; and corporative state, 275-84, 297, 376-78; definition of, 338; Dollfuss on, 31, 102-3, 376; and educational elite, 89-90; and "executive" authority, 360-61; Renan on, 93-98. See also Austrian Constitution of 1934 |
| commentary on, 27-38; critique of Kelsen in, 3-7, 9, 33; imperfection of, 54; original publication of, by Springer, 1; reissue of, by Springer, 1; sale of, forbidden in 1938, 1, 30; structure of, 54; themes in, 2-3, 27-28, 32, 52-54 |
| 3; Dollfuss on, 31, 102-3, 249, 376; "executive" authority in authoritarian state, 360-61; Hauriou on, 99-101, 103, 249, 282; hierarchy of authorities, 282, 293; Renan on, 98-99, 282, 293; of rulers, 101; Seipel on basic types of state construction, 276-77. See also "Authoritarian"; Authoritarian state |
| federal government, 355-56; checks on emergency powers by, 338, 339-44, 342n2; compared with provincial diets, 307; and emergency powers of federal government, 334, 336, 337, 338, 347, 348; establishment of, 373; establishment procedures for, 304; and finance and accounting, 321-23, 322- 23n4, 329-30; as legislative organ generally, 156, 260-61; organization of, 313; participation of, in federal legislation, 317, 318, 319-20, 319n3; and plebiscite, 358, 359; relationship with federal government, 260-61; rump Bundestag, 312; term of office of, 310-12, 312n2; and treaties, 321; votum decisivum of, 317, 329 |
| consent), 99, 101, 102, 222, 235, 357 Constitution: American constitution, 259; change in ideas on, in Austria since 1918, 367-79; of Corsica, 86-87; cyclical nature of Austrian constitution, 139-46, 250-51, 255; emergency powers in, 332-34; Eötvös and foundation of Austrian constitutional theory, 109-25, 139-40; formal language of, 212; in France, 53, 96-98, 123; German Reich (Bismarck) constitution of 1871, 259; in Germany in nineteenth century, 63; Hauriou on, 28-29, 31, 38, 53; and judicial review, 345; and legality and legitimacy issues, 213-23; Napoleon's constitution for Kingdom of Italy, 285; norms of, 51, 211-17, 221-23; of Poland, 87; preamble of, 252; Renan on, 93-98; Rousseau on, 86; Schmitt on, 29, 53, 120; Stein on, 63; typical traits of Austria constitutions, 141-43; of Weimar Republic, 16, 244, 257-58, 263, 264. See also headings beginning with Austrian Constitution Constitutional court: in Constitution Of 1920, 17, 231-32, 232nl6; dismantling of power of review over wartime economic decrees, 232, 232-33n16; dismissal of, in 1933, 20, 35-36; establishment of, 17, 187-88, 232n16 |
| provincial diets, 307; and disciplinary panel, 316-17; establishment procedures for, 302-3; interests represented by, 298; members functioning as individuals in, 305; oppositional strengths in, 306; organization of, 313; participation of, in federal legislation, 318; position of members of agencies of federal legislature, 315; and representation in Bundestag, 304; term of office of, 310-11; in transitional period, 258; and treaties, 321 |
| tradition, 24; cycles of, in Austria, 142-43, 151-52, 154, 156-57, 211, 250-51, 255, 256, 276, 28l, 369; definition of, 180, 211; direct elements of, in Austrian Constitution of 1934, 357-59; English democratic tradition, 24, 289-93; failure of, in Central Europe, 325; Kelsen on, 13-14; and political education, 90-92; "pseudo-democracy, " 276; Renan on, 93; representative democracy, 276; Schmitt on, 29, 219-20; Seipel's criticism of, 18, 276, 281; Spann's critique of, 14-15; Swiss democracy, 115; Voegelin on, 24 |
| and authoritarian, 31, 102-3, 249, 376; Christian corporative state proclaimed by, in 1934, 15; and Constitution of 1934, 21; criticisms of, 34; emergency decrees by, from 1933 to 1934, 19-20, 34; Patriotic Front founded by, 373; Schober's support for, 27 |
| principles, 253-54; and basic rights, 343; checks on, 338-56; in Constitution of 1934, 253- 54, 332-56; control of, through accountability of federal president and federal government, 349-56; elements of Tenth Section alien to system, 334-36; in 1929 amendment to Constitution of 1920, 340; and ordinary and extraordinary constitution, 332-34; and review of regulations by federal court, 344-49; substance of, 336-38. See also headings beginning with Enabling Act |
| Austrian Constitution of 1934, 21, 37, 141, 235-36; attempted repeal of, 19; authority and legality of, 34-36, 224-26, 231; and constitutional revision, 224-25, 234-35; and Constitutional Transition Act of 1920, 224, 225, 227, 333; Dollfuss's use of, 19-20; and executive- dictatorial nature of Constitution of 1934' 333; limitations of, 225-26; purpose of, 19, 225; and regulations praeter legem versus contra legem, 226-30; and wartime economic decrees, 224-25, 233. See also Emergency powers |
| Constitution of 1920, 261-62, in Austrian Constitution of 1934, 263, 267, 270, 271, 273, 350; and Bundestag resolution becoming law, 320; as leader of Patriotic Front, 373; and provincial diets, 330-31 Federal court: establishment of, in Constitution of 1934, 253; jurisdiction of Federal Supreme Court, 240; review of regulations by, 344-49, 361-62 |
| with provincial diets, 307; dissolution of, 310-11, 322, 337, 338, 343-44, 347-48; and emergency powers of federal government, 335-36; and Enabling Act, 333; establishment of, 254; establishment procedures for, 301-2; interests represented by, 298, 301-2; organization of, 305, 313; participation of, in federal legislation, 319, 319n3; position of members of agencies of federal legislature, 316; and representation in Bundestag, 304; term of office of, 310-11, 312n2; in transitional period, 258 |
| of, 349-56, 351n4; in Austrian Constitution of 1920, 261-62; in Austrian Constitution of 1934, 22, 257-66, 258n1, 273, 310, 350-51; participation of legislature in, 320- 23; provisional federal government, 265-66; relationship between authoritarian chamber and, 323-30; relationship between provincial legislative institutions and, 330-31 Federal ministers, 263, 264-65, 269, 273 |
| 32, 106; communist movements in 1830s-1840s, 66; constitutional theory in, 53, 96-98, 123; Economic Councils in, 377; education in, 88; Eötvös on, 114; February Revolution of 1848 in Paris, 140; and idea of people, 85-87; July Revolution of 1830 in, 60, 63-64, 64n8; as liberal state, 32, 106; monarchy and nobility in, 64, 94-96, 99, 123; organizations of occupational interests in, 328; and Parisian dictatorship, 91-92; race idea in, 83-85; and Renan's conservatism, 94-98, 376; republicanism in, 91, 95, 123; restoration of monarchy in, 95-96; Revolution of 1789 in, 63, 104, 115, 116, 121, 122; Third Republic of, 92 |
| 30, 152, 369, 375, 376; Bismarck's Reich, 192; constitutional state in nineteenth century, 63; Economic Councils in, 377; Gestapo in, 15; national problems of, 53; Nordic idea of, 25; Reich (Bismarck) constitution of 1871, 259; "revolution" of 1933, 22-23, 140, 372, 375; as totalitarian state generally, 32. See also Weimar Republic |
| Seipel, 282; constitutional theory of, 28-29, 31, 38, 53; on development of European state, 326-27; on freedom, 92n28; on institution, 221-22; institutionalist authority theory of, 28-29, 99-101 103, 249, 377; on interest representation, 326, 328-30; on legality and legitimacy, 221-22; on nation, 84; on rulers, 29; on state, 29,64-66,72; on Volk, 84 |
| against, 140; Mazzini in, 80, 88; militia in fascist Italy, 18; Napoleon's constitution for Kingdom of, 285; Risorgimento in, 80; as totalitarian state generally, 32, 74-75. See also Fascism; Mussolini, Benito |
| Constitution of 1920, 13, 16- 17, 18, 353-54; compared with Gumplowicz, 195, 206; critique of Voegelin's New Science of Politics by, 30; death of, 16; on democracy, 13-14; on disintegration of the person, 182-83; on disintegration of the state, 184; and doctrine of "basic norm," 177, 215-16; and eliminating reality of state from object of theory of state, 179-80; emigration to U.S. by, 16; on "ethical-political postulates," 179; on "ideologies," 178-79, 183, 187, 190; and "ideology" of norm, 174; and law as compulsory order, 185-87; on legality and legitimacy, 220-21; and legal order as context of "norms" and "acts," 176-77; and legal order as unit from standpoint of practitioner of law and dogmatist of law, 171-72; and neo-Kantianism, 165-67, 169- 70, 172-74, 176, 178, 182, 199; on norms, 6-7, 172-78, 180-82, 185-86, 199, 206-11, 220-22; positivism of, 163-71, 174, 178, 184-85, 190, 199, 206-7, 221; and problem of ordering being by establishing norms of human behavior, 180-82; on progress, 188-89; on pure theory of law generally, 4, 13, 30, 231; on "purification," 4-5, 6; Reine Rechtslehre by, 175; removal from university post as "Marxist," 16; on right to review regulations, 346; and sociology, 173, 175-76, 178-79, 207; and state as relevant unit of order, 172-73; and system of metaphysical battle concepts, 177-79; and theory of "norm order," 178; on threefold organization of federal constitution, 253; in tradition of Austrian theory of state, 189-92; on universal law, 189; university positions of, 13, 15-16, 25; and vacillation between scientific context and real structure of law, 170-71; Voegelin as student and assistant of, 23, 24; Voegelin's critique of, 3-7, 9, 30, 33, 206-12, 221-22 |
| basic law versus general law, 353-54, civil law, 201-3; as compulsory order, 185-87; dogmatics of, 170-72, 210-11, 231-34, 240; international law, 213; Kelsen's vacillation between scientific context and real context of, 170-71; liability law, 201; in Manifesto of 1849, 138; Montesquieu on, 86n22; and "normative sphere," 4; normativity of, 103; positive law, 206-12; public law, 192-94, 199, 202, 204-5; Rousseau on types of, 86-87; Stoerk on constitutional law, 198-203, 205- 6; Tezner on constitutional law, 198, 204-6; theory of law (Rechtslehre), 4; universal law, 189. See also Pure theory of law; Rule of law |
| 293-94; bicameral system of, 295; demands made by representatives of producers, 325-26; geographical representation for, 329n6; and integration of the will, 306; interest representation in, 281, 285-86, 328-30; mixed chamber, 295-96; multicameral system of, 295, 298; relationship between authoritarian executive and, 293-96; unicameral system of, 298. See also Austrian legislature; National Council; Parliament |
| 123, 126-38, 140, 142, 194, 198, 204- 5; Austro-Hungarian monarchy, 194, 198, 204-5; change from absolute monarchy to constitutional state, 61-62; constitutional monarchy, 345, 360; Eötvös on, 123-25, 139; in France, 64, 95-96; Habsurg monarchy, 10, 32; Seipel on, 276; and structural tension of neutral state, 59; versus tyranny, 103; and welfare of the people, 132-35 |
| federal government to, 350; adoption of Constitution of 1934 by, 236-45, 250; in Austrian Constitution of 1920, 224, 230, 235, 243, 245, 256, 261, 262, 265, 317; and constitutional revision, 235; election regulations for, 238-42, 256; and emergency powers of federal government, 340; legal status of, in 1934, 237-45; as legislative organ, 150, 156, 318; as not a parliament based on Hauriou's concept, 328; number of members of, 244; and plebiscite, 357; power of, transferred to federal government by Constitution of 1934, 254; powers of, 230, 235, 262, 265; quorum for, 243-45; reconvening of, in 1934, 236; regular sessions of, stopped in 1933, 223, 236; and "representation of the people," 241-44; rules of order of, 319, 320; as rump parliament, 239-41, 243-44; Social Democrats' vacating seats in, 239-40, 244; and treaties, 320-21 |
| in Austria, 114, 150; Eötvös on,110- 13, 116-17, 124, 139; Gumplowicz on, 196-98; and Habsburg monarchy, 10, 32; as incompatible with freedom and equality, 32; Ulbrich on, 193-94 |
| of 1920, 17, 38, 281-82, 360; corporatist parliament, 275-82; demands made by representatives of producers, 325-26; Disraeli's proposal of multicameral system of, 295; Grey's reform proposals on, 287-96, 299, 304, 309; Hegel on English Reform Bill of 1831, 284-87; National Council as "rump parliament, 239-41, 243-44; and pluralistic party state, 325; Seipel's criticism of, 281-82. See also Legislature; National Council; Representation of the people Parliamentarianism, 14, 17, 31, 38, 103, 261, 278, 290-93, 305, 309-10, 376-77 |
| 351n4, 354-55; and Bundestag resolution becoming law, 320; election of, in Constitution of 1920, 17, 19, 256, 350; election of, in Constitution of 1934, 22, 257, 272-73, 355; emergency powers of, 337-38; and federal chancellor, 350; powers of, in Constitution of 1920, 19, 262; powers of, in Constitution of 1934, 256, 257-61, 258n1, 263-65, 310, 354-55 |
| style," 51; and Austrian wartime economic decrees, 231-32; and "compulsory norm," 185-87, 215; on continuity of legal order, 213-23; and delegation, 173, 176, 214; and disintegration of the person, 182-83; and disintegration of the state, 184; and doctrine of "basic norm," 177, 215-16; and eliminating reality of state from object of theory of state, 179-80; and "ethical-political postulates," 179; and "ideology" of norm, 174; and interpretation of positive law, 206-12; Kelsen on generally, 4, 13, 30; legal order as context of "norms" and "acts," 176-77; legal order as unit from standpoint of practitioner of law and dogmatist of law, 171-72; and neo-Kantianism, 165-67, 169-70, 172-74, 176, 178, 182, 199; and norms, 6-7, 172-78, 180-82, 185-86, 199, 206-17, 220-22; and positivism, 163-71, 174, 178, 184-85, 190, 199, 206-7, 214, 221; and problem of ordering being by establishing norms of human behavior, 180-82; and progress, 188-89; and revolution, 213-15; and sociology, 173, 175-76, 178-79, 207, 217; state as relevant unit of order, 172-73; and system of metaphysical battle concepts, 177-79; and theory of "norm order," 178; in tradition of Austrian theory of state, 189-92; and unity of object and self-constitution of social reality, 169-70; and unity of object and unity of being, 167-69; and universal law, 189; and vacillation between scientific context and real structure of law, 170-71; Voegelin on inadequacy of, 30 |
| Austrian advisory chambers and the Bundestag, 296-306; and Austrian Constitution of 1934, 241-44, 249; and Austrian provincial diets and municipal diets, 306-8; and Grey's reform proposals on Parliament, 287-96, 291n17, 299, 304, 309; Hegel on English Reform Bill of 1831, 284-87; and organization of legislature by professional categories, 284; proportional representation, 291, 291n17; Renan on, 96-98, 294, 299, 303, 304; Seipel on, 282; and workers, 291, 295 |
| 275; on constitution, 29, 53, 120; on democracy, 29, 219-20; on legality and legitimacy, 219-21; on "legislative state," 218; on pluralistic party state, 325; on total state, 29, 58-63, 66, 68, 69; on Weimar Republic, 29 |
| corporative society, 275, 277; as "cosmion," 5; and individualism, 279, 283; industrial society, 60; Kelsen on, 175; national-economic society, 60; "self-organization of society," 68-69, 82; versus state, 59; vertical versus horizontal organization of, 278-81 |
| Austria's growth to statehood, 49-54; Austria's problems as, 6, 192, 367-69; Christian idea of, 251; corporative state, 22, 275-84, 297, 376-78; development of, 49; development of European state, 326-27; disintegration of, 184; economic and political phases of, 63-66; and emotional politics, 119-20, 125; Eötvös on, 113- 25, 139-40; and French idea of people, 85-87; and French race idea, 83-85; German theories of, 59-62; Grey on parliamentary state, 288; Gumplowicz on, 194- 98, 199; Hauriou on, 29, 64-66, 99-101, 326-27; Humboldt on liberal state, 115; "juristic" theory of, 193, 210; Kelsen on, 4-5, 6, 172-73, 184, 206; as meaningful phenomenon independent from scientific investigation, 5; medieval corporative state, 277-78; Mussolini on, 76, 80; and nation, 76-77; "neutral" versus "total" state, 59- 61, 68, 69; and "normative sphere," 4; object "state" as identified with "law," 169, 170; "party state," 61, 68; pluralistic party state, 325; Schmitt on "legislative state," 218; Seipel on types of state construction, 276-77; Stein on, 60, 63-66, 64n8; structural element of, 75-76; Tezner on, 203-4; and theory of principles, 120-23; theory of state ( Staatslehre ), 4; versus "society," 59. See also Authoritarian state; Total state |
| license to teach (venia legendi), 15; and Geistkreis, 23; as Kelsen's student and assistant, 23, 24; move from Cologne to Vienna, 10; and political parties in Austria, 27, 28; teaching positions of, 25-27; university education and further studies of, 23-24; University of Vienna courses and seminars by, 25-27, 25n56. See also specific titles of works |
| Austrian Volk, 123-25, 136, 137, 252, 376; and emotional politics, 119-20, 125; French race idea, 83-85; Fiihrer as embodiment of, 96n32; German concept of, 33, 38, 50, 73, 15-19, 77n17, 81-85; Hauriou on, 84; leader as embodiment of, 103; and National Socialism, 75-79, 81 |
