| Editor's Introduction | I |
| Part Nine. The Crisis | |
| 1. Helvétius | 43 |
| §1. Introductory Remarks | 43 |
| §2. The Heritage of Locke | 45 |
| §3. The New Philosophy of Existence | 51 |
| §4. The Heritage of Pascal | 63 |
| §5. Anti-Christian Religiousness | 68 |
| §6. Happiness and Virtue | 71 |
| §7. Conclusion | 81 |
| 2. Positivism | 88 |
| §1. D'Alembert's Discours prélimina ire | 89 |
| §2. The Historicism of Turgot | 106 |
| §3. Condorcet's Esquisse | 148 |
| 3. The Apocalypse of Man: Comte | 161 |
| §1. Comte and the Interpretation of the Crisis | 161 |
| §2. The Split in the Life of Comte | 163 |
| §3. The Continuity in the Life of Comte | 174 |
| §4. Mental Unity | 185 |
| §5. The Religion of Humanity and the French Revolution | 194 |
| §6. Revolution, Restoration, and Crisis | 210 |
| §7. Comte's Intuition | 234 |
| 4. Revolutionary Existence: Bakunin | 251 |
| §1. Reaction and Revolution | 251 |
| §2. Bakunin's Confession | 259 |
| §3. Anarchism | 276 |
| §4. Founding the New Realm | 283 |
| §5. The Affaire Nechaiev | 290 |
| §6. The Late Work of Bakunin | 296 |
| 5. Gnostic Socialism: Marx | 303 |
| §1. The Logic of the Idea | 304 |
| §2. Inverted Dialectics | 320 |
| §3. Genesis of the Idea | 339 |
| Index for Volume VIII | 373 |
| CUMULATIVE INDEX | 389 |
