| D. The Church and the Nations | |
| 13. Character of the Period | 37 |
| §1. Suspense between the Middle Agres and the Renaissance | 37 |
| §2. Shift of Politics to the West | 39 |
| §3. The Clash between the Church and the Nations | 40 |
| a. Imperial Policy and Foreign Policy | |
| b. The Hierarchy of Powers | |
| 14. The Absolue Papacy—Giles of Rome | 43 |
| §1. The Unam Sanctam | 43 |
| §2. Giles of Rome (Aegidius Romanus) | 46 |
| a. The Mysticism of Hugh of Saint Victor | |
| b. The Intellectual and His Will to Power | |
| c. Theory of Power | |
| d. Papal Power | |
| e. The Sacrificium Intellectus | |
| f. Ecclesiastical Totalitariansim | |
| 15. French Kingship | 54 |
| §1. The Problem of Royal Power | 54 |
| §2. Independence from Imperial Power | 55 |
| §3. John of Paris— Tractatus de Potestate Regia et Papali | 56 |
| §4. Thaumaturgic Kingship | 57 |
| §5. Charles of Anjou | 59 |
| §6. Pierre Dubois | 61 |
| 16. Dante | 66 |
| §1. The Isolation of the Political Thinker | 66 |
| §2. The Separation of Spirit from Politics | 68 |
| §3. Spiritual Realism—The Earthly Paradise | 70 |
| §4. Literary Forms and Symbols of Authority | 72 |
| §5. The Letters | 74 |
| §6. The De Monarchia | 74 |
| a. The Universal Intellect: Averroism | |
| b. Intellectual and Hegemonic World Organization | |
| c. The Myth of the Italianità | |
| §7. The Vision of Purgatorio 29-33 | 78 |
| 17. Marsilius of Padua | 83 |
| §1. The Beginning of German Constitutional Development | 83 |
| §2. The Defensor Pacis | 84 |
| §3. The Relation to Artistotle | 86 |
| §4. The Organic Analogy | 87 |
| §5. The Problem of Intramundane Representative Authority—The Legislator | 88 |
| §6 Limited Government—Italianism | 91 |
| §7. Averroist Naturalism | 94 |
| §8. The Pars Principans | 95 |
| §9. The Plurality of Warring States | 96 |
| §10. The Law | 97 |
| §11. Christianity and the Church | 97 |
| §12. The Esoteric Creed | 99 |
| §13. Political Technicism | 101 |
| 18. William of Ockham | 103 |
| §1. A Pattern of Theory—The Problem of William | 103 |
| §2. Nominalism and Fideism | 106 |
| §3. Secular Civilization and the Withdrawal of the Church | 109 |
| §4. The Last Phase of Franciscan Spiritualism | 112 |
| §5. William's Method of Politics | 115 |
| §6. Theory of Law | 117 |
| §7. The Order of the World and the Order of Poverty | 118 |
| §8. The Pope and the Church | 120 |
| §9. The Empire | 122 |
| §10. Reduction of the Substance to Relations | 123 |
| §11. The Power of Ultimate Decision—The Council | 124 |
| §12. Conclusion | 125 |
| 19. The English National Polity | 127 |
| §1. Insularity—Absence of Disturbing Factors | 128 |
| §2. The Integrating Sentiments—The Magna Carta | 131 |
| §3. The Institutions | 135 |
| a. The Strength of Royal Power | |
| b. Articulation and Integration of the Body Politic | |
| c. Comparison with Continental Development | |
| d. English Constitutionalism | |
| §4. Symbols | 144 |
| §5. Representation | 145 |
| a. Defintion | |
| b. The Writs of Summons | |
| c. Representation and Articulation | |
| d. The Realm | |
| §6. Fortescue | 155 |
| 20. From Imperial to Parochial Christianity | 163 |
| §1. The Transformation of the Church Organization | 164 |
| §2. The English Reaction | 167 |
| §3. Wycliffe—General Character | 168 |
| §4. The Regional Spiritual Movements | 171 |
| §5. English Spiritualism— Piers Plowman | 175 |
| §6. Wycliffe—Doctrines | 184 |
| 21. The Imperial Zone | 193 |
| §1. Subimperial Politics | 193 |
| a. Imperial and Subimperial Politics | |
| b. The East Frankish Kingdom and Italy | |
| c. The Concentration of Royal Power and the Interregna | |
| d. The Colonization of the East | |
| e. Summary | |
| §2. The Golden Bull | 203 |
| a. Charles IV | |
| b. The Form of the Golden Bull | |
| c. State- Imperium and World- Imperium | |
| d. The Electoral College—The Majority Problem | |
| e. The Oligarchy of the Princes | |
| f. Lupold of Babenberg | |
| §3. The City-States | 216 |
| a. The Area of the City-States | |
| b. The Towns and the Feudal World | |
| c. Trade Routes and Food Supply | |
| d. The Fourth Crusade—Power Distribution in the Eastern Mediterreanean | |
| e. The Organization of the Venetian Conquest | |
| f. Burgundy | |
| g. The Hansa | |
| h. Southwest German Leagues | |
| i. The Swiss Confederation | |
| j. The Internal Structure of the Towns | |
| k. The Constitution of Venice | |
| §4. Cola di Rienzo | 233 |
| a. State of the Problem | |
| b. The Letters to the Italian Cities | |
| c. The Tribunus Augustus | |
| d. National and Imperial Sentiments | |
| e. The Emissary of the Fraticelli | |
| f. Spiritual Nationalism and Military Unification | |
| 22. The Conciliar Movement | 245 |
| §1. The Schism—The General Councils | 245 |
| a. The Schism | |
| b. Conrad of Gelnhausen—Henry of Langenstein | |
| c. The Decree Frequens | |
| d. Nominalism and Jurisdictionalism | |
| §2. Gallicanism—The National Concordats | 252 |
| a. The French National Council of 1398 | |
| b. The French National Council of 1406 | |
| c. The Concordats | |
| §3. Concordantia Catholica | 256 |
| a. Nicholas of Cusa | |
| b. Spiritual Harmony | |
| c. Infinita and Gradualis Concordantia | |
| d. Hierarchical Order | |
| e. The Augmentation of the Corpus Mysticum | |
| f. Nature and Grace | |
| g. Institutional Elaboration | |
| h. The Concordantia of Mankind |
