Preface
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[ix]
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Introduction: Mankind and History
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67 [1]
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Multiple and Parallel Leaps in Being. The Generic-Unique Nature of Man.
Concrete Societies and Mankind. Philosophy of History: The Source of the
Difficulties. Mysteries and Problems. The Authoritative Structure of History.
The Ranking of Authorities (I). The Ancients and the Leaps in Being.
Israelite and Hellenic Theology of History. Panaetius and Poseidonius. Truth
of the Present and Untruth of the Past. Limitations of the Israelite and Pagan
Positions. St. Paul. Stages of the Spiritual Process Toward the Truth of
Existence. Coexistence of Truth and Untruth. The Defect of the Pauline
Interpretation of History. The Problem of Jewish Existence. The Pagan Policy of
Tolerance (7). The Moderns and the Leaps in Being. Bossuet and the Augustinian
Tradition. Voltaire. Parallel Profane Histories: Spengler and Toynbee. The
Expansion of Sacred History: Hegel. Parallel Sacred Histories: Jaspers and
Toynbee
(14). Philosophy of History as a Western Symbolism. Clement of Alexandria
(23).
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Part One: Cretans, Achaeans,
and Hellenes
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[25]
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Chapter 1: Hellas and History
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93 [27]
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§ I. PRELIMINARY QUESTIONS
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93 [27]
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The Delimitation of Greek Order. Polis and Philosophy. Cretan, Achaean, and
Hellenic Societies. Minoan, Mycenaean, and Hellenic Civilizations. The Range
of Greek Order and the Memory of the Classic Period (27).
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§ 2. THE HELLENIC CONSCIOUSNESS OF HISTORY
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99 [33]
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I. General Characteristics. The Content of the Hellenic Memory and the
Historical Process. The Growth of Historical Consciousness (35).
|
100
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2. Herodotus. The Preservation of Traditions. The Case of the Trojan War.
The Common Sense Psychology of the Asiatic Frontier. The Destruction of
the Myth. The Misunderstanding of Homer (37).
|
103
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3. Thucydides. The Athenian Rationalism of Power. The Reconstruction of
Greek History (40).
|
107
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4. Plato. Ordering Memory. The Return to the Cave of Zeus. The Transfer
of the Omphalos from Crete to Delphi (43).
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109
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5. Conclusions. Spatial and Temporal Extension of the Classic Memory. The
Motif of Power Organization. The Continuum of Greek History (45). The
Construction of the Historical Course. Its Motive. The Term
History
. The
Symbol of the Course (48).
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112
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Chapter 2: The Cretan and Achaean Societies
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120 [53]
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Town Cultures as the Basis of Civilizations. The Aegean Town Areas and the
Non-Urban Invaders (53).
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1. The Cretan Society. History. Minoan Symbols of Order. The Absence of
Imperial Institutions (54).
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121
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2. The Achaean Society. History. The Linear B Tablets. The Decline of the
Early Civilizations (61).
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129
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Chapter 3: Homer and Mycenae
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135 [67]
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The Migrations. The Formation of an Aegean-wide Society (67).
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§ I. HOMERIC QUESTIONS
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136 [68]
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F. A. Wolf. Homeric Question and Pentateuchal Criticism. The Date of the
Epics (68). The Poet's Break with the Cosmological Myth. The Music Author-
ity—Homer, Pindar, Hesiod. Blindness and Seeing, Remembrance and Oblivion.
Immortality through Song (71). The Creation of the Past through Mnemosynic
Consciousness (75).
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§ 2. ORDER AND DISORDER
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144 [76]
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1. The Constitutional Order of the Achaean Kingdoms. Size. Federal Organization
for War. Constitutional Procedure. Agamemnon's Dream. Procedure in
Council, in Assembly. Jovian Order and Royal Rule (77).
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145
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2. The Wrath of Achilles. The Fate. The Obsession with Death. The Exhorta-
tion of Phoenix. The Dialectics of Guilt and Restoration. The Pathology of
Achilles. Cholos and Anxiety. The Battle of the Ships. The Death of Patroclus.
The Acceptance of Life (83).
|
151
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3. The Eros of Paris and Helen. The Combat. The Scene on the Scaean Gate.
The Corruption of Order. Dream and Embrace. The Assembly of the Gods
(92).
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161
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4. The
Odyssey
on Disorder. The Prologue, The Disorder in Ithaca (98).
|
167
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5. The Aetiology of Disorder. The Sources of Evil. Homer's Anthropology.
Human and Divine Action. Agamemnon's Apology. Blindness and Seeing.
Divine Order and Human Disorder. The Decline of Mycenaean Civilization.
Individual Action and the Pattern of History (101).
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169
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Part Two: From Myth to
Philosophy
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[111]
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Chapter 4: The Hellenic Polis
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181 [113]
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1. Synoecism and Gentilitian Structure. The Case of Athens (113).
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182
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2. The Polls. Decline of Aristocratic Order. The People and the Tyranny.
Aristotle on the Athenian Prostasia (116).
|
185
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3. Sympoliteia. The Case of Olynthus (121).
|
189
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4. The Failure of the Leagues. Clan Leagues. Amphictyonic Leagues. The
Spartan and Athenian Leagues. The League of Corinth (122).
|
190
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Chapter 5: Hesiod
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195 [126]
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1. From Myth to Metaphysics. Hesiod's Transitional Form. Aristotle on Theo-
logical Philosophies (126). Motivating Experiences. The Poet and His Truth.
Truth and Falsehood. Catharsis through Truth and Memory (128).
|
195
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2. The
Theogony
. The Origin of Order. The Titanomachia and the Evolution
of Zeus (131). Theogonic Speculation. The Self-Generating Origin. Mytho-poetic
Freedom (133).
|
200
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3. The
Works and Days
. Invocation and Exhortation. Paraenctic Form. Oriental
Affinities. The Great and the Humble (137). The Exhortation to Perses. The
Two Erides, Dike. The Virtue of Work. Truth and Admonition (139).
|
206
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4. The Fables. Paradise. Contents and Paradigmatic Purpose (140). The Fable
of Pandora (142).
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210
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5. The Ages of the World. Contents of the Logos (144). Anthropogenic and
Epic Myth (146). The Metal Ages (149). Comparison with a Chinese Myth
of Five Ages (151).
|
213
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6. The Apocalypse. Delimitation and Structure (154). Experience and Form.
The Anxiety of Spiritual Annihilation. Aidos and Nemesis (155). The Fable
for Princes. Hybris. Collective Suffering and Reward. The Unjust and the
Just Cities. Parallels from the Prophets (158). Historical Reality as
Apocalyptic Nightmare. The Nightmare and True Reality (162).
|
223
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Chapter 6: The Break with the Myth
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234 [165]
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§1. THE EMERGENCE OF PHILOSOPHY
|
234 [165]
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Area and Carriers of Hellenic Civilization. Freedom from Imperial Institutions.
The Style of Intellectual Adventure: Homer, Hesiod, the Milesians. The
Schools of Pythagoras and Parmenides (165). The Form of Hellenic Civiliza-
tion. Comparison with Israel. The Individual Breaks with the Myth (168).
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§ 2. XENOPHANES' ATTACK ON THE MYTH
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240 [171]
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1. The Seemliness of Symbols. The Attack on Homer and Hesiod. The Classifi-
cation of Symbolic Forms. Plato's Types of Theology. Truth and Lie of the
Soul (171).
|
240
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2. Anthropomorphism. A Fallacious Charge in Retrospect. Critique of Tylor's
Theory (174).
|
243
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3. The Universality of the Divine. The One God
v.
the Parochialism of the
Myth. Universality of the Divine and Monotheism (178).
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247
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4. The Divinity of the One. Aristotle's Recognition of the Problem.
Anaximander. The Xenophantic Glance at the Heaven (180).
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250
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Chapter 7: The Aretai and the Polis
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254 [184]
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1. The Sophia of Xenophanes. The Attack on the Olympiadic Excellences.
The Discovery of Transcendence as a Source of Authority. Universal
Appeal
and Limitation to the Polis (184).
|
254
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2. The Savage Valor of Tyrtaeus. The Arete of the Polis v. the Homeric
Excellences. The Elegiac Form. Existence v. Justice. The Lyricism of
Existence.
Immortality through the Memory of the Polis. The Discovery of the Aretai
and its Completion through Plato. Plato on the Valor of Tyrtaeus
(188).
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258
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3. The Eunomia of Solon. Disorder of the Polls and Order of Dike. Doxa as
the Cause of Crisis. The Homeric Excellences as Doxa in the Polis.
Arete as
Faith in the Unseen Measure. Eunomia of the Soul and the Polis. The
Type of
the Lawgiver. Solon and Plato (194).
|
264
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4. "But I say unto you. . . ." The Traditional Order and Resistance of the
Soul. Sappho. The Authority of Eros. Subjectivity of Opinion v. Objectivity
of the Erotic Soul. The Common Doxa and the Solitude of Truth (200).
|
270
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Chapter 8: Parmenides
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274 [203]
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1. The Way. The Prologue of Parmenides' Poem. The Transport. The Knowing
Man and the Renowned Way. Divinity and Immortality of the Soul. Plato
on the Soul as Daemon (204).
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275
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2. The Truth of Being. The Vision. Perception through Nous and Analysis
through Logos. Being and Not-Being. The Exclamatory
Is
! The Subject of
Propositions Concerning Transcendent Being. Propositions not Transferable
to Immanent Being. The Predicates of Transcendent Being. The Autonomy of
the Logos. The Hieratic Compactness of Truth and Being (207).
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279
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3. Doxa. The World and the Way. Doxa as Cosmology, as Not-Being. The
Likely Doxa of Parmenides and the Likely Myth of Plato. The Ontological Gap
between Doxa and Aletheia. The Platonic Myth as Solution (214).
|
285
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4. The Rivalry between the Ways of Truth. The Truth of the Logos and the
Truth of Revelation (217).
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289
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Chapter 9: Heraclitus
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292 [220]
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From Parmenides to Heraclitus. The Dimensions of the Soul (220).
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1. The Pythagorean Destiny of the Soul. The Psyche of Homer, of Empedocles.
Metempsychosis (221).
|
293
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2. The Exploration of the Soul. Ethos as Daemon. The Types of Divine and
Human Wisdom. Much-Knowing and Understanding. The Philosopher. Plato's
Clarification of the Term. The Life of the Soul: Depth, Increase through Ex-
ploration. Love, Hope, and Faith (223).
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295
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3. The Philosophy of Order. The Logos and its Communication. The Sleep-
walkers. Reconstruction of Heraclitean Concepts: Xynon; Logos; Cosmos;
Common World and Private Worlds; the Common, the Nous, and the Nomos;
Strife and War. The Cycle; the Way; the Kingdom of the Playing Child. Flux.
Passion of Existence. The War of Life and the Peace of the Logos. The Many,
the Few, and the One (229).
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301
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4. Conclusions. The Challenge to the Order of the Polis. The New Authority.
The Philosopher-King as the Link between Spirit and Power (239).
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311
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Part Three: The Athenian Century
|
[241]
|
Chapter 10: Tragedy
|
317 [243]
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1. The Truth of Tragedy. The Awakening of Athens. Aristophanes and
Aristotle on Tragedy. The Truth of Action (243).
|
317
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2. The Meaning of Action. The
Suppliants
of Aeschylus. The Experimental
Situation. Conflicts of Themis. Descent into the Depth of the Soul. The Polis
as the Heraclitean Xynon. Peitho. The Decision for Dike (247) . The Aeschylean
Theory of Action (250).
|
321
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3. Tragedy and History. The Order of Dike and the Disorder of the World
(253). The
Prometheus
. The Theomorphic
dramatis personae
. The Truth of
Being and Daemonic Existence. Titanomachia and Dike. Force in Order. The
Problem in the
Oresteia
(253). Prometheus. Philanthropia. Wisdom
v.
Self-
Reliance. Defiance and Inventiveness. The Spiritual Disease. The Forces of
Progress. Excess of Pity and Revolt against God. The Interplay of Jovian and
Promethean Forces (257). The Soul as the Hero of the
Prometheus
. The Birth
of History from Tragedy. Comparison with the Meaning of History in China
and Israel. Aeschylean Tragedy and Platonic Myth (262).
|
327
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4. The End of Tragedy. The Disintegration of Athens. Its Reflection in the
Work of Euripides (264).
|
338
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Chapter 11: The Sophists
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342 [267]
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§ I. THE EDUCATION OF ATHENS
|
342 [268]
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The Sophistic Personnel (268). The Achievement. Education for Political Life.
Curriculum. Prodicus. The Art of Politics. Protagoras. Law and Order. The
Inventory of Problems (270). Plato and the Sophists. The Propositions on
God. Gorgias' On Being. The Type of Enlightened Philosophizing. Continuity
from the Sophists to Plato (273).
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§ 2. PLATO ON THE SOPHISTS. HIPPIAS
|
351 [277]
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Plato as a Source. The Hippias Anecdote. Autarky (277). Hippias. Truth about
Man through Comparative Study. The Hippias Scene in Plato's
Protagoras
.
Physis and Nomos. The Community of Encyclopedic Intellectuals (279). The
Essence of Sophistic Ideas (284).
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§ 3. PLATO'S
Protagoras
|
359 [285]
|
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The Position of Protagoras. The Myth of Prometheus. Relation to Aeschylus.
The Sophist as the Teacher of Man (285). The Socratic Attack. The Debate
on Virtue (287). The Art of Measurement. The Transfer of the Prometheus
Symbol from Protagoras to Socrates (290).
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§4. THE FRAGMENTS OF PRIMARY SOURCES
|
365 [291]
|
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1. From Parmenides to Protagoras. The Correlation of Nous-Logos and Being.
The Immanentization of Nous-Logos: Anaxagoras; Protagoras. The Immanentization
of Being: Zeno; the Dialectics of Being. The
Dissoi Logoi.
Anaxagoras' Theory
of Sense Perception. The Protagorean Homo-Mensura (292).
|
366
|
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2. Democritus. Immanentization of Being: The Atoms and the Void. The
Element of Heraclitean Depth. Toward the Recognition of Essence. Essentials
of the Psyche: Eudaimonia. Euthymia. Knowledge and Discipline. Joy and
Pleasure. Balance and Multifariousness. Health and Disease. Alcmeon. From
Democritus to Plato and Aristotle (298).
|
372
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3. Nomos and Physis. Nomos: Pindar; Heraclitus; Six Meanings of Nomos.
The Conservative Skepticism of Protagoras. Physis: Pindar; Protagoras. Physis
as Essence: Xenophanes; Empedocles; Anaxagoras. The Pair Nomos-Physis: The
Hippocratic
Airs, Waters, Places;
Herodotus (305).
|
379
|
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4. Antiphon. The Fragments On Truth. Physis, Nomos, and the Sympheron.
Justice. The Antithetical Method. The Corruption of Athens as a Motive. The
Quality of Late Sophistic Debate (312).
|
386
|
|
5. Critias. The
Sisyphus
Fragment. Critias'
pseudos logos
and Plato's
pseudos
mythos
(319).
|
394
|
|
6. Equality, Inequality, Harmony. Disintegration and Search for Substance. A
New Climate of Experience: Prodicus, Lycophron, Alcidamas. The
Pseudo-Antiphontic
Homonoia
. The Anonymus
lamblichi
(323).
|
397
|
|
7. Hippodamus and Phaleas (328).
|
403
|
Chapter 12: Power and History
|
406 [332]
|
|
The Great Wars. Decline of Civilization. Dramatic Unity of Mankind (332).
|
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§ I. HERODOTUS
|
407 [333]
|
|
Life and Work (333). The Program (334). The Hypothesis. The Balancing
of Accounts. Anaximander and Heraclitus. The Turning of the Wheel. The
Power Drive. Necessity and Disaster (335). Historiographic Method. The Use
of Speeches (339). The Expedition Against Hellas. The Great Debate. The
Motives of Action. Breakdown of the Heraclitean Xynon. The Dream of World
Dominion (340). The Form of Government. The Speeches For and Against the
Three Forms. The Cycle of Antilogies and the Cycle of History. Decision
through Action (341).
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§2. THE OLD OLIGARCH
|
418 [344]
|
|
The Pseudo-Xenophontic
Constitution of Athens
. The Polis a Power Unit. The
Change of Ethos as the History of the Polis (344). The Merits of the Demo-
cratic Constitution (340. The Merits of Sea Power (347). The Game of
Power. Periclean Democracy and Imperialism. Types of Man and Types of
Order (348).
|
|
§ 3. Thucydides
|
423 [349]
|
|
1. The
Syngraphe
. The Creation of the Peloponnesian War as a Unit in History
(349).
|
424
|
|
2. The Method. The Kinesis. Methodological Attack on Herodotus. The Influence
of the Hippocratic Treatises.
Categories: Cause, Principle, Method, Eidos, Thing-in-itself, Disturbance,
Disease. Different Methodological Situations
in Medicine and Politics. Empiricism of the Craftsman and Science.
Thucydides' Science of Disorder and Plato's Science
of Order (351).
|
425
|
|
3. The Theory. The Splendor of Empire and the Breakdown of Ethos. Progress
and Enterprise
v.
Connivance and
Backwardness. Necessity and Justice. The Aeschylean Dike of Action.
Attempted Justification and Despair. Theoretical
Vacillations. Kinesis and the End of Tragedy. Thucydides and Machiavelli
(358).
|
432
|
|
4. The Form. The Speeches as Part and as Interpretation of Reality. Government
by Persuasion as Condition of the
Form. The Hellenic Interplay between Types of Life and Art. Theory as a
Heightening of Types in Reality. The
Passing of the Paradigms from the Poets to the Historians and Philosophers
(365).
|
439
|
|
5. Formulations. The Positions of the Protagonists. The Pathos of Athens. The
Horror of Atrocities. The Melian
Dialogue (368).
|
443
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